Home Depot Case Essay

1. On the basis of Home Depot’s response to environmentalist issues, describe the attributes (power, legitimacy, urgency) of this stakeholder. Using the Reactive Defensive-Accommodative-Proactive Scale in Chapter 2, assess the company’s strategy and performance with environmental and employee stakeholders. In 1990 Home Depot began to work off a basis of environmental principles. People in the community pushed for the company to become more eco-friendly. These principles help to guide a number of different programs to help minimize the company’s and shopper’s impact on the environment. 2. As a publicly traded corporation, how can Home Depot justify budgeting so much money for philanthropy? What areas other than the environment, disaster relief, affordable housing, and at-risk youth might be appropriate for strategic philanthropy by Home Depot? Home Depot volunteers many hours to help the needy. They contribute money and help with disaster relief efforts. They also contribute money to charities to help the less fortunate. Home Depot can justify budgeting so much money because they do not see it as a loss. They believe they are placing money back into the local community and back into the economy. These actions build trust with customers and stakeholders. 3. Is Home Depot’s recessionary strategy of eliminating debt and halting growth a wise one? What would you recommend to the CEO? In 2007, Home Depot foresaw an economic recession coming. This recession made them pull back money from opening new stores. The basis for pulling their money back was to ensure they would be able to pay their bills without having to borrow money from the government. I wouldn’t recommend the CEO to do anything because I believe they are doing what they can to be economically responsibly for their stakeholders.

International Management Essay

Relationships developed by New-Zealand and Australia to other countries, differ from the rest of the Asian countries. Other Asian countries like Indonesia prefer to build long term relationships that will make more profit for a long time rather then have quick short term money. Another difference is that, most of the Asian countries feel as if the westerns don’t really care about their culture and beliefs, which is somewhat true. We only tend to care about what revolving around America. And this really affects how they look at us. 2- There are so many reasons as to why Indonesian archipelago is unique in Asia. There are 17,000 islands all together in Indonesia. Each island has its own unique features that differ it from another. Some of the island are very rich , meaning, they produce iol, gas etc. While some islands are very dry and dormant. Climate is also different between these islands. Some islands experience heavy rainfall while other islands are experiencing drought. 3- There are many characteristics that the Indonesian workplaces are referred to here. I think that the article is only concentrating on the minimum wage jobs, the type of jobs that do not really need education to do. The article also emphasizes on how businesses have failed and are still failing up to now in Indonesia. The business opportunities that were written in the article are the type of jobs that needs an outsourcing employee, which are of course cheaper. Further on, Indonesian workplaces also experience problems when it comes to foreign management vs locals. 4- The Republic of Indonesia, the world’s fourth most populous nation, has 203 million people living on over one thousand permanently settled islands. I personally think that for a place which has a large population number to be socially stratified like Indonesia isn’t very rare. Simply because people are the same. Some tend to be more intelligent than other some more ambitious. Others are just lazy but others also work hard. Those who possess good character will move to a place that has people with the same characteristics as theirs. They will settle there and produce offspring with the same characteristics as theirs. Those who posses bad characteristics, i. e drug addicts, dumb etc will move to lower stratification. Hence, I think this is why Indonesia seems to socially stratified. 5- Many countries have realized that Indonesia is a good country to do business in and /or being a business partner. Businesses around the world also enjoy the vast markets of goods in Indonesia. There are a lot of business opportunities in Indonesia, For example; agribusiness, automotive industries, construction and infrastructure and many more. One has to keep in mind that even though New Zealand and Australia are in the same Asian sphere with Indonesia, they have very different cultures and the way they do business. Therefore, New Zealanders and Australians have to explore the culture difference and learn how indonesians do things in order for them to be business partners.

Everest report Essay

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the two Everest Simulations conducted by Group 10 of MGMT1001 Thursday Tutorial. This task required students to form teams consisting of five to six members whose goals were to summit Mount Everest. While it provided us with a rich experience in team dynamics and collaboration, it also enabled us to explore key managerial concepts taught in the course, consisting of: †¢Communication †¢Groups and Teams †¢Leadership In this report, we examine the effectiveness of Face to Face Communication (FTFC) versus Computer Mediated Communication (CMC), and the problems encountered through the utilisation of the virtual medium including efficiency of the feedback system, loss of personal focus and other emergent issues. It includes personal reflections on attitudes and perceptions, as well as group performance and strategies adopted in the second Simulation in order to create a more positive team experience. Theories which relate to interpersonal communication have also been integrated in the report to illustrate its relation to certain situations encountered during the Simulation. Additionally, we provide a multifaceted analysis on the notion of team cohesiveness and how it attributes to better performance outcomes. An overview on the different intragroup conflicts encountered in the Simulation has been included, examining the positive and negative impact that conflict had on team experience and performance, and how mutual agreements were reached through the compromising of personal and team goals. Finally, we conclude the report with an analysis of the different leadership styles including directive and empowerment. In our case, a consensus system was agreed upon, which granted equal authority for decision-making. The report also includes a copy of the team contract which briefly outlines our approach to problems and policies for decision-making.

Appropriate Use of Transparency Essay

Transparency in management circles is considered a competitive advantage. It involves sharing all information that one is ready to share including uncomfortable one. Transparency implies communication, openness and accountability. Last year I worked in a Non Governmental organization where I found out that they were require being transparent by donors and other stakeholders for them to continue receiving funds and support. That time the organization was experiencing a high labor turnover because management felt that they knew what subordinate staff wanted. They thought they needed a salary increase while in real sense they needed better working conditions (Stever, 2012). When they start involving in decision making and transparency, trust and loyalty increased. Opponents of transparency argue that it is a bad idea to use transparency strategy where information may be misrepresented, distorted or misunderstood. Being transparent may take a lot of resources and more time hence slowing the organization process. It is argued that organizations that practice full transparency are easy target of attacks and are vulnerable to groups that feel alienated or underrepresented (Stever, 2012). It also a bad strategy where the company wants to keep trade secrets and other information that is unique. Another example is in management of international negotiation and agreements. Diplomats believe that a certain degree of ambiguity is necessary in successful negotiations. It is also a bad strategy to use in international politics and economic stability (Stever, 2012). It is believed that collapse of Briton wood exchange rate regime was to a large extent caused by inability to accommodate ambiguity. For leader to exert influence they must be transparent in order to make authoritative decisions, creating means of putting them into actions and creating support or them. Leaders who are transparent are trusted by their follower and build loyalty. This gives them a lot of influence. Reference Stever, E. W. (2012). Transparency. Rocky Point, N.Y.: Writers Ink Press. Source document

Financial management Finner ltd investment

In today ‘s competitory concern environment, the effectual direction of invention is an indispensable activity for a house to keep its fight and finally survive. Traditional methods of pull offing administrations are said to be uneffective in battling a disruptive universe, full of uncertainness. Technological promotions and an accelerated gait of alteration are major factors act uponing direction precedences and are disputing traditional concern theoretical accounts. This realization has brought about the development of corporate entrepreneurship and the importance managing and developing invention. The intent of this study is to critically measure to importance of making and developing chances, pull offing invention and corporate entrepreneurship in relation to acting as an entrepreneurial administration. The study will discourse the assorted constructs and will peculiarly concentrate on the activities of 3M in relation to the constructs. The study will get down by supplying a background of 3M in relation to its activities, coverage and values and will supply an overview of the subjects covered in the study. This will be followed by treatments on making and developing chances, pull offing invention and behaving as an entrepreneurial administration in relation to 3M and its operations. Based on the research conducted and decisions, it is evident that 3M values creativeness and invention to a high regard and has incorporated systems and programmes at all degrees of the administration to back up an ambiance of entrepreneurial behavior. 3M ‘s path record and strong repute of invention is grounds that these enterprises have proved successful for the administration. Despite their success, 3M has besides faced assorted challenges due to the altering nature of the markets which they operate within. It is recommended that 3M continue to revise their enterprises in order to accommodate to the altering nature of the environment. In making so, 3M will keep its fight against industry challengers and will go on to advance a healthy ambiance of invention, creativeness and entrepreneurship. Such administrations will make good to analyze the model instance of 3M as they provide a good illustration of success in entrepreneurial behavior.IntroductionThe Purpose of this study is to critically measure how 3M appears to move in relation to making and developing chances, pull offing invention and behaving as an entrepreneurial administration. The study will get down by supplying an overview of 3M ; foregrounding its key merchandises and services, its concern activities and operations and discoursing the nucleus value of the company. The range of the study will be taken from a planetary graduated table as 3M is an international administration and the clip frame will cover the early yearss of t he concern from its initial beginnings in 1902 to present twenty-four hours, peculiarly concentrating on recent development at 3M.3M3M is a scientific discipline based company who produce merchandises in a scope of market sectors from high manner safety to wellness attention to place and office merchandises to adhesives and abradants. The company has 75,000 employees globally with 3,500 within the UK and Ireland. The administration has more than 35 concern unites which are organised into six concern which include show and artworks, electro and communicating, industrial and transit, consumer and office, safety, security and protection services and wellness attention. 3M operates in more than 65 states with 35 research labs and 35 international companies with fabricating operations. The concern operations cover 28 States in America and the company presently has 6,700 research workers worldwide with 3,400 in the United States. 3M ‘s merchandises are based on 45 engineering platforms, some of which include light direction, nonwoven stuffs, abradants, micro-replication, nanotechnology, adhesives and surface alteration. The company values are based on honestness and unity and are centred on employee development through assorted endowment and leading enterprises and besides on fulfilling their clients with superior quality, value and advanced engineering solutions to guarantee a sustainable planetary growing and an attractive return to their investors.Report OverviewThe debut will be followed by subdivision 3 which will discourse the activities of 3M in relation to making and developing chances. Section 4 will foreground how 3M Acts of the Apostless in relation to pull offing invention. Section 5 will analyze the operations of 3M in relation to acting as an entrepreneurial administration. Finally, subdivision 6 will briefly summarize the decisions.Making and Developing OpportunitiesHarmonizing to Wickham ( 2006 ) , the designation, choice and development of the right chances are indispensable activities for houses in today ‘s dynamic concern environment. The ‘entrepreneur ‘ is said to be at the bosom of the procedure. An entrepreneur identifies concern chances to make and present value to stakeholders ( Companys and Mullen, 2007 ) . Despite this realization, the exact nature or beginnings of chances are ill-defined and has caused struggle amongst research workers within the survey country ( Ardichvili et al, 2003 ) . Companys and Mullen ( 2007 ) , classify chances as economic ( technological and market chances – stuff invention ) , cultural cognitive ( cultural inventions ) and socio-political ( societal webs and authorities constructions ) and discuss chance from a supply and demand position. Ardichvili et Al ( 2003 ) , argue that there is a deficiency of comprehensive research associating to the designation and development of chances and that such theory are unable to bridge research and pattern in specifying a sound solution as a agency of reacting market demands. Ardichvili et Al ( 2003 ) construct on bing theoretical and empirical surveies and suggest a model to help in the chance designation and development procedure. They besides province that chance acknowledgment is frequently a hard procedure and is one which is influenced by the undermentioned factors: Entrepreneurial watchfulness Prior Knowledge and information dissymmetry Social webs Personality traits ( optimism, self belief, and creativeness ) The types of chance Ardichvili et Al ( 2003 ) , province that in add-on to the identified factors, careful probe of and the sensitiveness to market demands every bit good as the ability to place optimum deployment of resources will assist in the development procedure. A restriction to their research is that it focuses on the development procedure in relation to an enterpriser. Despite this, their research provides an apprehension into the chance designation and development procedure and can besides be adapted to an organizational degree in order to work market chances. Below is a basic theoretical account of the advanced procedure which is a valuable tool for seeking, choosing, implementing and capturing chances:Figure 1: Basic Model of the Innovation Process3M recognises the importance of the chance designation and development procedure and that their clients play a crucial in the procedure. Harmonizing to ( Bassant & A ; Tidd, 2007 ) 3M strive to keep a close relationship with their clients and do non go forth the designation procedure to their selling squad. 3M believes that their best thoughts originate from their clients and they committee their research workers to pass a batch of clip with their terminal user clients to understand their demand. Problem work outing squads are besides sent out to client sites to cover with their alone jobs. This is an of import manner for 3M to keep relationships with their clients and besides a manner to develop their competences and generate solutions to possible jobs where 3M employees may happen the inspiration to introduce or develop new engineering solutions. 3M believes that long enduring trueness can be achieved from client committedness. Dr William E. Coyne ( Senior Vice President of Research and Development at 3M ) supports this position:â€Å" We want to turn. Indeed we must turn if we want to last – and to make that we need the trueness of our clients. To acquire that trueness we need to turn to their demands. The best mann er to turn to those demands is with advanced merchandises and engineerings. †Additionally, in 1982 3M developed planning Centres called Strategic Business Centres ( SBC ) as a means to organize the cognition and activities of their runing units in order to derive a competitory advantage in the assorted markets that they operate within. The intent of the SBCs is to recognize related engineerings, capablenesss, and systems and associating them with client demands. The purpose is to work together in the designation and development procedure of new merchandises and engineering solutions ( Tita & A ; Allio, 1984 ) . This is another illustration of 3M ‘s efforts to make and develop chances. Burns ( 2008 ) identifies six polar strategic push which demonstrates the evolving nature of 3M activities in making and developing chances: Get near to clients and understand their demands Seek out niche markets Having identified market chances, diversify into these related countries Pursue merchandise development and invention at every degree of the administration through research Get different parts of the administration to pass on, portion cognition and work together Encourage accomplishment through acknowledgment and wages strategies These strategic pushs evolved as 3M ‘s learning experiences evolved over the clip period of 1920 to present twenty-four hours. Emphasis was peculiarly placed on acquiring near to their clients and understanding their demand in order to recognize possible market chances. 3M employees were the tools for working these chances. Employees with proficient accomplishments and old cognition provide the needed inputs for merchandise rating and development. The following subdivision will discourse how 3M act in relation to pull offing invention. The subdivision will get down by supplying an overview of invention direction, foregrounding cardinal theories and associating them to the activity of 3M.Pull offing InventionTrott ( 2002 ) argues that invention is the engine for growing and that companies must be able to accommodate and germinate if they wish to last. Pull offing invention is said to be a cardinal undertaking for determination shapers in prolonging a house ‘s fight and leting for continued growing ( Kuczmarski, 1996 ) . Despite this realization, there is considerable disagreement amongst many administrations sing the demand to keep stableness and a modus operandi of activities to carry through day-to-day undertakings or the demand for creativeness and the development of new thoughts and merchandises to stay competitory ( Deakins & A ; Freel, 2009 ) . This poses one of the most cardinal jobs for direction today with tensen ess environing organizational efficiency additions against creativeness additions ( Trott, 2002 ) . The direction of invention is a complex procedure because it involves the effectual direction of a assortment of different activities across different maps ( Burns, 2008 ) . Reilly & A ; DiAngelo ( 1987 ) , province that effectual communicating ( formal and informal ) with the concern environment ( internal and external ) along with a support substructure and exceed down encouragement will help in the procedure of invention direction. Below is a basic theoretical account of organizational invention.Figure 2: Basic Model of InnovationTrott ( 2002 ) identifies organizational feature that facilitate the procedure of pull offing invention:FeaturesRequirementsGrowth OrientationCompanies that are advanced have the aim to turn the concern and actively program for long term net incomesWatchfulnessThis requires uninterrupted scanning of the environment ( internal and external ) by all members of an administration and non merely senior direction. Often formal or informal and this information s hould be shared with other mapsCommittedness to TechnologyA house must hold a long term attack to puting in engineering and a committedness to resources such as rational input from scientist and applied scientists in order to retain and pull quality employeesCredence of RisksA house must hold the willingness to see carefully hazardous chances. This besides includes doing hazard appraisals and taking deliberate hazardsCross-Functional CooperationThis requires the ability to construct relationships between assorted maps ( selling and R & A ; D ) and the ability to decide any transverse functional strugglesReceptivenessThe capableness of an administration to be cognizant of, place and take effectual advantage of externally developed engineeringSlackThis involves leting persons a certain grade of freedom or flexibleness to believe, experiment, discourse thoughts and be originativeAdaptabilityAn administration must be ready to accept alteration in the manner it manages its internal activ ities and must hold the ability to accommodate to the altering environmentDiverse Range of SkillsAn administration requires a combination of specializer accomplishments and cognition along with general accomplishments to ease cross-fertilization of the specializer cognition. Additional, intercrossed directors and persons with proficient and commercial cognition are required to help the transportation of cognitionTable 1: Organizational Features that Facilitate Innovation ManagementHarmonizing to Bassant & A ; Tidd ( 2007 ) , 3M has established a clear repute as a major pioneer and that their successes can be measured in footings of the figure family discovery merchandises they have introduced which include Scotch tape, Post-it Notes and Scotchgard rug protection. Kuczmarski ( 1996 ) , states that invention is a mentality and that it is best described as a permeant attitude that allows concerns to see beyond the present and make a future vision. Harmonizing to ( Bassant & A ; Tidd, 2007 ) , the advanced mentality became evident in the early 1920s when William McKnight became the company ‘s new leader. McKnight began his direction attack by engaging an discoverer by the name of Francis Okie who developed the construct of a waterproof sand paper which proved successful amongst 3M ‘s clients. This prompted a new market scheme for 3M of merchandise distinction and Francis Okie became the first full clip employee who focused on merchandise development. The success of such enterprises encouraged McKnight to set his religion in the abilities of his work force and prompted negotiations with his direction squad to play a polar function in making an ambiance where their work force felt inclined to bring forth extraordinary consequences. This ulterior became the cardinal subject of organizational direction at 3M and is apparent in the undermentioned quotation marks by William McKnight:â€Å" As our concern grows, it becomes progressively necessary to depute duty and to promote work forces and adult females to exert their enterprise. This requires considerable tolerance. Those work forces and adult females, to whom we delegate authorization and duty, if they are good people, are traveling to desire to make their occupations in their ain manner. †Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mistakes will be made. But if a individual is basically right, the errors he or she makes are non as serious in the long tally as the errors direction will do if it undertakes to st ate those in governments precisely how they must make their occupations. †Ã¢â‚¬Å" Management that is destructively critically when errors are made putting to deaths inaugural. It ‘s indispensable that we have many people with inaugural if we are to go on to turn †The corporate construction of 3M besides plays a cardinal function in the procedure of pull offing invention. 3M has a divisional construction which has developed organically from bottom up as a consequence of successful inventions nurtured in undertakings ( Burns, 2008 ) . The construction ab initio appears priestly because of the different degrees, groups and divisions ; nevertheless, determination devising is decentralised and there is a horizontal flow of information which allows for speedy determination devising and for coaction amongst the assorted groups. The function of directors at 3M is to back up and promote an ambiance of creativeness and invention whilst top direction service as the mechanism to reenforce the credence of failure and to legalize hazard pickings. 3M ‘s committedness to invention is apparent when sing their long-run investings in R & A ; D ( estimated at US $ 1 billion per twelvemonth which is 6 % of gross revenues ) and their gross revenues marks. Harmonizing to Bassant & A ; Tidd ( 2007 ) , 3M program on a annual footing to deduce 30 % of gross revenues from merchandises introduced within four old ages, with 10 % of gross revenues from merchandises introduced to market within one twelvemonth. The rules behind their ambitious marks is that invention is clip sensitive and that rushing up the merchandise development and selling clip will confound their competition and finally heighten their fight. To day of the month, 3M conveys a consistent image of invention via publications and when carry oning interviews with possible employees. The doctrine of ‘the manner we do things around here ‘ is said to be the key to 3M ‘s success because it creates the conditions in which inventions can be developed by anyone and from any way such as calculated inventions and lucky accidents. An illustration of a luck accident is that of the development of the Post-it Note by a researcher Art Fry who spotted the potency of a failed adhesive merchandise. The following subdivision will analyze how 3M behaves in relation to being an entrepreneurial administration. The subdivision will get down by researching the impression of an entrepreneurial administration, foregrounding cardinal theories and associating them to the activity of 3M.Entrepreneurial AdministrationWickham ( 2006 ) , province that alterations in engineering, market competition and client outlooks is altering traditional methods of pull offing an administration. Wickham ( 2006 ) argues that due to an accelerated rate of alteration there is an increased degree of uncertainness and turbulency within many industries which is coercing today ‘s concerns to rethink their corporate schemes in order to last. This statement is supported by Burns ( 2008 ) , who states that entrepreneurial direction has become a extremely valued accomplishment to be nurtured, developed and encouraged. Burns ( 2008 ) , continues to province that traditional direction patterns which focused on efficiency and effectivity instead than creativeness and invention are non plenty to stay competitory and in being antiphonal to market alterations. This realization has brought about the construct of corporate entrepreneurship and the quest of going an entrepreneurial administration. Despite this, there appears to be small consensus on the significance of the term ( Deakins & A ; Freel, 2009 ) . Below is a theoretical account of the entrepreneurial procedure as identified by Timmons & A ; Spinelli ( 2006 ) :Figure 3: The Entrepreneurial ProcedureHarmonizing to Burns ( 2008 ) , corporate entrepreneurship can be described as the behavior of an administration that encourages creativeness and invention at all degrees in the administration ( corporate, groups, divisions, concern units and functional or project squads ) with the aim of deriving a competitory advantage. Entrepreneurial direction is an emerging construct within the survey country which is described the ability to take and pull off and entrepreneurial administration in a manner which encourages invention, seeking for chances, inquiries conventional thoughts and patterns and continuously seeking ways to better and make a competitory advantage ( Burns, 2008 ) . Burns ( 2008 ) identifies the undermentioned factors as act uponing the entrepreneurial direction procedure: scheme, leading, organizational acquisition, civilization, selling, invention and creativeness, knowledge direction and entrepreneurship. This implies that the entrepreneurial direction procedure is complex and that it demands a multidimensional attack to pull offing. Below is a basic theoretical account which represents an entrepreneurial administration.Figure 4: Basic theoretical account of an Entrepreneurial AdministrationAdam Brand ( Manager of Business Information Services at 3M UK ) discusses the importance of cognition direction and invention at 3M in relation to acting as an entrepreneurial administration. Brand ( 1998 ) states that the aim of 3M is to go the most advanced company in the universe and that the effectual usage of cognition direction enterprises are the tools for gaining their aims. Brand ( 1998 ) continues by saying that long term committedness from top direction, enlisting of the right people and strong support and acknowledgment systems are required to guarantee conditions for invention and entrepreneurship are in topographic point. Below are the identified direction enterprises and support programmes within 3M which facilitate an ambiance for invention and entrepreneurship:ElementssActionsBenefitsEntire Company InvolvementTop direction see it as one of their major responsibilities to back up and promote persons, groups and divisions Encourages knowledge linkages and coactionTraditionLifetime employment and publicity from within are of import traditional 3M policies Low employee turnover, increased motive and occupation satisfactionContinuityManagement encourage employees to work and see other divisions, sections and states Physiques a personal connexion with other 3M employees and across different sections and cultural boundariesLoyalty Over TimeLifelong employment and publicity from within agencies employees trust 3M and will be loyal over clip Allows clip for originative thought to be nurtured and advanced discoveries to take topographic pointTolerance of Mistakes3M does non penalize errors but encourages risk taking Creates an environment where employees are non afraid to utilize their enterprise and encourages innovative believingNarrative StatingTop directors who joined the company at a immature age and who have absorbed the company ‘s traditions and narratives re-tell those narratives and their experiences This reinforces the traditions, values and attitudes which promotes an ambiance that encourages inventionFlat Administration3M ‘s level organizational construction allows determination devising to be made at all degrees This allows 3M to continuously develop, to accommodate and to seek for new beginnings of deriving a competitory advantageInvention Approachs3M has taken two chief attacks to invention: shaping needs that 3M could utilize its engineering ( knowledge by design ) and developing new engineerings that require merchandise applications to be found ( cognition by outgrowth ) Approach one allows proficient employees to specify clients unarticulated demands which frequently leads to new invention whilst attack two allows inventions to emerge over clipCross Divisional CooperationTop direction encourages cross divisional cooperation Breaks down barriers and allows for invention to distribute across 3M instead than being centred in specific bunchsCoping with ChaosTop direction brand allowances and are non speedy to judge, buttocks and audit undertakings This allows advanced persons to develop their thoughts over clip without tight restraintsTable 2: Top Management Long-Term CommitmentElementssActionsBenefitsOrganizational Structure3M have put in topographic point a figure of constructions and acknowledgment programmes To keep the balance and to avoid over accent on efficiency and controls at the cost of larningCarnivals, Technical Audits and Chapters3M employees are invited from around the company to analyze thoughts and to measure whether the different thoughts can be applied to the assorted markets in which 3M operates within This brings together people, accomplishments and cognition from diverse backgrounds which frequently consequences in the coevals of new thoughts and inventions15 % Rule3M ‘s 15 % regulation allows employees to pass 15 % of their clip working on advanced thoughts or undertakings of their ain choosing This encourages employees to work on side undertakings of personal involvement to them and has resulted in a figure of of import new concerns for 3MGrants3M employees can use for a Genesis or an Alpha grant to help in the development of a undertaking ( equipment or labor to make their bing work whilst they spend clip on their 15 % undertaking ) or developing thoughts ( non proficient procedures ) Provides support to help with the development of undertakings or an thought and gives employees flexibleness to concentrate on their single chases outside of work demandsRecognition ProgramsThere are a figure of publicity strategies ( double ladder procedure – publicity to frailty president ) and acknowledgment awards ( Golden Step Award and Circle of Technical Excellence ) This ensures that advanced persons are known and recognised across the company and besides to promote other to originate their ain activitiesTable 3: Programs for Supporting Innovation and EntrepreneurshipElementssActionsBenefitsRecruitment and Choice3M recruiters search for people who are originative, have a strong worth moral principle, are self motivated and resourceful, and are job convergent thinkers with wide involvements Attracts persons who are eager to larn, willing to research thoughts with others, have a multi-disciplinary attack and who are happy networkingCulture3M has a acquisition and experimental civilization which is supportive and allow persons to boom Creates an empowering and lovingness civilization which encourages enterprise which increases employee satisfaction and motive degreesTable 4: Recruiting and Keeping the Right Peoples3M ‘s record and reputes as an advanced company is grounds that these enterprises are effectual tools for pull offing an entrepreneurial administration. Brand ( 1998 ) , argues that simply implementing such systems are non plenty to vouch success for an administration but instead making a civilization or an entrepreneurial clime which supports invention and pulling the right people are necessary conditions for developing an entrepreneurial ambiance. 3M has a strong civilization of invention which has permeated the administration from top direction. This civilization has been in topographic point for many old ages at 3M and is considered more of a tradition and is a nucleus characteristic of the values and beliefs of 3M. The activities of 3M demonstrate their committedness to uninterrupted bettermen t and will guarantee they continue accomplishing their mission of being ‘the most advanced company in the universe ‘ . Harmonizing to Burns ( 2008 ) , today ‘s challenge for 3M is to keep its impulse and repute for invention. As a consequence of 3M ‘s growing, its activities have increased in complexness and besides due to the assortment of its different merchandise offerings, in different markets and at different phases of the merchandise life rhythm 3M has recognised the importance of following different managerial attacks to guarantee continued success. Burns ( 2008 ) , continues by saying that although 3M has had a batch of success from different enterprises, its high hazard attack to R & A ; D and invention is non appropriate to all sectors, some of their ambitious marks may non be accomplishable by all divisions and besides as a consequence of increased competition enterprises such as the 15 % regulation have been placed under intense force per unit area, to the point of being described as an attitude instead than a world. The following subdivision will summarize the decisions and cardinal thoughts discussed in the study.DecisionThe research conducted in the countries of invention and entrepreneurship has highlighted the importance of recognizing the evolving nature of today ‘s concern environment. It has provided an understanding into ways of making and developing chances, pull offing invention and behaving as an entrepreneurial administration. It is just to propose that 3M behaves in a mode which can be classified as an entrepreneurial administration. The systems, programmes and enterprises have been cardinal mechanisms in enabling 3M to make an ambiance of invention and entrepreneurship. This has proved successful for the concern and is apparent in the figure of family merchandises which have been introduced to the market. Despite 3M ‘s path record of success, they must besides recognize the evolving nature of their concern environment and go on to germinate to the altering demands of their markets. 3M must besides turn to their current challenges and program schemes to pull off them efficaciously. If non efficaciously managed, 3M ‘s employees can lose their motive and their advanced flicker. It is non plenty for 3M to trust on old cognition and experiences as mechanisms to excite entrepreneurial behavior. 3M must go on to germinate at the rate their concern environment is maturating in order to go on making and developing chances, pull offing invention and go on acting as an entrepreneurial administration. In making so, 3M will be able to go on populating up to its mission of being ‘the most advanced company in the universe ‘ . Administrations will make good to analyze the model instance of 3M as they provide a good illustration of success in entrepreneurial behavior.

Cultural Analysis Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural Analysis Paper - Assignment Example Mumbai in India. These movies are produced essentially in Hindi, the national Language of India. Movies are essentially a form of media that along with entertaining the audience are also cultural representation of a country. Cinema and national identity are always interlinked. A film reflects the social, cultural and economic aspects on national level. Techniques of filmmaking are based on the targeted audience based on their nationality and culture. Today Asian movies including the Indian cinema is making prominent place in the European and American markets. Bollywood is considered as the largest film production in the world. India is a diverse country rich with different religions, cultures and social class. Indian movies explore in explicit but benign manner the class divisions in the society. A popular 2001 film Lagaan which is based on a game of cricket played by some local villagers, oppressed by high taxes, against the British regime has also depicted class prejudice as a sub theme. When the central character, Bhuvan began to prepare the villagers for the match, he invit ed the untouchable Kachra to join much to the wrath of the other players. India being a culturally diverse country, cinema audience has always been segmented. While making movies, producers keep in mind the varied interests of different sections of the society and therefore Bollywood movies are known for their culturally rich themes. One most prominent division found in Bollywood movies is art and commercial (mainstream) cinema. However, in recent years the boundaries between the two have been blurred to a large extent. The common observation is that Bollywood movies with different genre of culture appeals to different sections of the society. While action based movies have more popularity among the lower classes, movies based on social class divisions appeal more to the upper classes. Likewise, movies with Islamic themes, for instance the 1992 hit

Analytical review of a The movie scarface Essay

Analytical review of a The movie scarface - Essay Example The dark ending was a cautionary tale about the pursuit of power and the misuse of it. Scarface is an experience in film that provides cultural reflection through an exploration of the themes. Watching the film Scarface is an experience that is powerful and has the successful impact of a modern day dark fairytale. The cautionary tale that is told through this allegorical storyline is that of chasing the American dream and of the consequences of chasing it at all costs. The film itself has become a part of American culture. One of the most quoted lines from a film coming from this movie as Pacino levels his weapon and is remembered for having said â€Å"Say hello to my little friend!† (Scarface). However, the line that more likely sums up the film, also said by Pacino is â€Å"In this country, you gotta make the money first. Then when you get the money, you get the power. Then when you get the power, then you get the women’ (Scarface). The focus of the film, however, is not on women, but on the power. The film is based upon the acquisition of power, a belief by the main characters that power is the resource from which all other advantages can be gained. The film used a great number of techniques that helped to punctuate the meanings of the storyline. In watching the film, the angles of the camera distinctly provide context for the meanings of the scenes. As an example, in a scene where Pacino is being interrogated, the camera is used at an eye-level shot, the other characters walking around the seated Pacino as the camera is directly focused on him. As Pacino is engaged by the camera, the shot directed at him, it is clear that the other members of the scene are above him in importance, but not equal to him. The combination of the shot with the way in which the scene is acted makes it clear that no other level can match the level at which Pacino’s character sits. The zoom in and zoom out shots are also used to create this feeling, coming in on Tony’s face to put him in the center of the action where needed. Coming in close on Tony’s face during an important scene such as the one in the mansion, allows for the film to continue the position of Tony as the center of the universe within the film. A great number of the scenes are shot at a medium shot level, the setting being as important as the interactions of the characters. Many of the scenes are done in ensemble medium shots so that all of the members of the scene are available to the scene, but close enough to measure their reactions to one another. This technique is very effective in translating the state of Tony’s existence, his life larger and filled with the trappings of his success. In shooting from a medium distance, the scene presents more than just facial expression, but captures the way in which the body language interprets the dialogue. As well, in the famous scene with the gun in which the iconic quote â€Å"Say hello to my little frien d† is uttered, the medium shot is used to focus on Tony so that his body language and facial expressions are clearly interpreted. Most of the film is done in low key lighting, the differences between the shadows and the light stark and well defined. This use of light allows for the intensity of the film to be translated through the visual impact of harsh lighting that is in high contrast.

The different definitions of success Assignment

The different definitions of success - Assignment Example This was explicitly described by an observation of American society in 1955: To be poor in a status society meant that a mans life was hard, but at least it was not shameful; if he made the best of a bad bargain, that was all that was expected. But in the fluid, mobile world of American society, a poor man was supposed to rise; not to do so was a sign of weakness, if not a badge of immorality ( Lynn, 1955). Lynn’s description of how American society valued success in the 50s is no more different on how society value success nowadays. Hollywood stars are considered successful once they have garnered several awards despite the fact that some films do not even imbibe ethics or morality at all. Success is viewed by the secular world as an accomplishment in any field, no matter what means was employed to hit the target or reach the goal. However, success should not be viewed by its ends alone. Success is like cooking your favorite dish, certain ingredients are needed to create a dish. The following stories of people who succeeded would reveal to us later why success is similar to the simple but skillful art of cooking. Today in the United States, there is an African American president. After so many years of oppression, and fighting, it is a very great achievement for any American to see. Overcoming the racial barriers, and all other obstacles, Barack Obama was sworn in as the 44th President of the United States. Coming from a humble background, the son of a Kenyan immigrant, and an American mother from Kansas, Obama worked hard since a young age to achieve what he thought and knew could be his full potential. 4 p.m, Ayo got back from school daily. His dad, an extremely rich Nigerian senator, and Harvard graduate did not live with him, instead, he lived with his mother a stay at home mom. Ayo’s parents never got married, he lived with his

Political Interactions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Interactions - Essay Example While business corporates are interested in their business growth and activities, the government is interested in working in the best interest of the society through implementing business regulations, environmental protection as well as standard in practices. Essentially, businesses and the government act as an important source of the transaction between the private and public sector. This brings a strong interaction between the business corporates and the government through policies. This aims towards addressing issues about quality production and environment protection. Since some of the issues can become conflicting between the government and the businesses, it requires them to lobby together in the benefit of society in general. In circumstances of global financial crisis, the government must always intervene to strain off the national debt and encourage improved business condition to the enterprises. All these interventions act in the interest of the business entities by ensurin g their successes. However, the business corporates must comply by ensuring orientation and competitive business concepts. These include fulfilling the modern market demands of the expected products and services, improving the quality of products and using the most modern information and digital technology in production. There are various ways through which the businesses strategically use lobbying to influence the outcomes of the policies formulated to guide business. According to Karthik, Sandra, and Ian (2015), some businesses enterprises are involved in financing of democratic processes as a means of lobbying for the formulation of policies that act best in their interests.

Customer relationship marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Customer relationship marketing - Essay Example Practitioners and strategists both believe that in the current scenario of stiff competition and rivalry the only practical way of reaching and convincing the customer is through CRM. Customer confidence in the companies can be regained by this method which is more personal and certainly more intimate than promotions. Products have become similar and homogenous and even the services provided are becoming standard practice as any new move is easily substituted or copied by competition and effectively it looses its edge. In saturated and matured markets the problem is even more acute and schemes and loyalty programmes are so similar that customers find no novelty in them. Indeed Palmer (1998) is of the opinion that promotions are no more than an encouragement to customers to switch their loyalties. The foundation of Strategic Behavior Theory is that firms take specific actions, like developing objectives, implementing goals, formulating strategies and using tactics, to augment their competitive position against rivals and thereby capitalize on firm performance (Kogut 1998). Strategic Behavior Theory is also consistent with the strategic choice perspective (Child, 1972) in that it accepts that while a firms choice of strategies and tactics are guided by the external environment, they are not completely determined by it. Strategic Behaviour theory also explains that a firm’s choice of behaviour is related more to its strategies and goals and not so much to transaction costs. As a consequence firms try to build competitive advantage against their rivals by developing those strategies that put them in favourable positions (Porter 1996). One such strategy is to build a more enduring relationship through Participatory Collaboration between stakeholders. Satisfaction is another human trait that will bring harmony in relations. Participatory collaborations will benefit in

Working with and Leading People Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Working with and Leading People - Assignment Example The responsibility of the managing director is to identify the leaders and motivate them to lead the groups to achieve the overall objectives of the organization. Recruitment and selection is the process of hiring the right person for a job opportunity. The employees are at the core of the success of any organization. Thus, recruiting the individual with an appropriate set of skills is extremely important for fulfilling the overall objective of the organization. Recruitment is considered to be a positive aspect, while selection is regarded to be a negative aspect as it involves the rejection of applications and selects only the best individual suitable for the job opportunity (Randhawa, 2007). Recruitment is the process of attracting individuals for a job opening on a timely basis in large numbers and with the appropriate qualifications (Gusdorf, 2008).Both internal and external factors influence the recruitment process of an organization. The internal factors includes the expansion plan and size of the organization, the cost involved in the recruitment process, salary package, work culture, geographical expansion of the organization etc. Socio- economic factors, supply and demand conditions in the skilled labour market, political and legal considerations are some of the external factors influencing the recruitment process (Randhawa, 2007). Human resource planning is the identification of the present and future human resource need of an organization. Job analysis is the process of determining the tasks need to performed, how they are carried on and what are the qualities required to perform the job successfully (Prien et.al, 2009). After human resource planning and job analysis, the managing director must decide the number and type of recruits required and selects a particular recruitment method. Advertising in newspapers, magazine, career websites trade journals etc. is an effective method of recruitment. The health care company can also establish

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Research - Essay Example He also feels this especially towards Biff who he thinks was doing particularly well until he went on to campus and failed his mathematics and thus never finished it. The psychological context is also brought out by the fact that Willy’s family and friends feel that he is losing his sanity (Miller 15). Happy and Biff discuss the mental degradation of their father but do not bring this out to him since they feel that he would not accept what they are telling him, his wife Linda is also aware of his mental problems but won’t tell him either because she is trying to unite the family which already appears on the verge of splitting up. Willy’s problems do however show themselves when he gets into an argument with his boss Howard over the rejection of his application for a town job. Willy loses his temper over a trivial matter showing his volatility and the dangers of depression. Willy’s spiral into depression is also shown by his constant hallucinations. He con stantly hallucinates of his past years of success such as 1928 when he was driving a red Chevrolet (Miller 13) of having conversations with his older brother as well point to his dementia. The constant hallucinations are thought to be a defense mechanism for the harsh realities that he is facing and were to prevent the onset of full scale depression, this however is not avoided as at the end of the play he still succumbs to it and commits suicide. Several factors are responsible for this depression the most important being his denial of the reality that he is not as successful as he imagines himself to be, and that Biff was never the successful football player that he imagines himself to be The success that Biff had was instead a touchdown that he scored while in high school. Willy’s imagination of success is shown when he goes to confront Howard’s father about his sacking citing the time in 1928 when he earned an extremely large bonus, he defends himself towards his b oss by citing the time twenty years ago when he found financial success and this is what he uses as his defense to have himself reinstatedâ€Å". The play is set in 1949 showing that Willy’s peak are twenty years past and yet he still clings on to them to prevent his acknowledgement that he is not as successful as he dreams(Miller 82). The theme of unrealistic parental expectations is constantly shown in Willy who believes that his son Biff is a failure, he wants his son to take up a job as a salesman and constantly berates him for not, he keeps reminding him about his high school successes and clings on them as proof that Biff has potential. He also keeps pressuring Bill to marry as he says that he was popular with everybody both boys and girls but as Linda points out Biff is rough with women and so it is difficult for him to settle down (Miller 31). The relationship between Linda and Happy also show how her expectations of him are more than what he can be even when trying, she complains that Happy should be doing more with his life and yet Happy is constantly providing money for her and Willy to use to supplement his income. Happy also has motivation to succeed and wants to become the manager of his store however

Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking - Essay Example (Sloan 222). The lung is able to filter some of the beneficial substances in cigarettes though harmful chemicals leak into the lungs. Tar causes damage to airways of lungs and this could lead to unusual multiplication of cells in the lungs. As one continues to expose lungs to smoking, lungs experience irreversible changes in the cells. This specifically affects nucleus of the cells hence uncontrolled cell growth of cells in the lungs. Every puff smoke inhaled by a smoker either of tobacco or cigarette deposits tar that coats the lungs and may cause difficulty in breathing since there is no exchange of clean air from the atmosphere to lungs and vice-versa. Mouth cancer, also referred to as oral cancer cannot be evaded by smokers. People have been made to believe that smoking using cigars and pipes leaves less tobacco in the system. However, this is untrue since cigar and pipe smokers are at high risks of mouth cancer. The pipe-stem rests on the lip and exposes users to another great risk of lip cancer. Continued smoking or tobacco use is said to be the major cause of mouth cancer. Smoking causes irritation on the mouth surface. Burning of tobacco and its by-products is the base line of this irritation after interacting with mouth membrane. Moreover, cigars and pipes take some considerable time to burn and thus expose user to secondary smoke. Smoking could also lead to loss of teeth and other teeth illnesses. Smoking has a direct effect on the way the body responds to exercise. Exercise requires oxygen in the body. Smoking brings carbon monoxide in the body which reduces the level of oxygen in the body. As a result, there is increased heart beat since less oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream (Owing 166). The heart is overworked in an attempt to get more oxygen since carbon monoxide stops supply of oxygen. Thus, smokers have poor body fitness since the body cannot respond to any vigorous activity. Smoking

Laws of Blasphemy and Human Rights Is there a modern connection Essay

Laws of Blasphemy and Human Rights Is there a modern connection - Essay Example At a point when legal developments have come to focus on the excitement created by renewed controversy, the social and cultural significance of the offence and the legal strategies have been questioned. In the course of this paper, I have attempted to examine the law of blasphemy in uncertainties surrounding the impact of secularization and cultural pluralism, which invest it with considerable symbolic consequence. This brings to the fore the recent revival of blasphemy laws through an assessment of the paradoxical nature of its effects, with particular emphasis on those difficulties that have been posed for liberalism as a political philosophy that tries to steer through an era of plurality and harmonious co - existence. In this way, the significance of blasphemy is related to the question of the status of religion in contemporary western societies in context of the appropriate response of the legal machinery of various countries, as well as the conflict that exists between the desire to rationalize the offence and the desire to equalize the protection it affords. Further, in recent times, there have been numerous accounts of the parameters of the law which has sparked a critical analysis of its relationship to laws dealing with the adjacent areas of sedition, obscenity, outrage to public decency and offences against public order. Therefore, dissension over the future of the blasphemy law arises at the intersection of a cluster of intractable debates which have rendered the topic as extremely sensitive and hard to judge. It is now imperative to chart a brief history and evolution of blasphemy to understand the journey of its evolution and how it has come about to be associated with Human Rights in the present day. Having originally been a part of canon law, in the 17th century the offence of blasphemy was declared a common law offence by the Court of King's Bench, punishable by the common law courts. From the 16th century to the mid-19th century, blasphemy against Christianity was held as an offence against common law, apart from being used a legal instrument to persecute atheists, Unitarians, and others. All contumelious reproaches of Jesus Christ, all profane scoffing at the Holy Scriptures, and exposing any part thereof to contempt or ridicule, and finally all blasphemies against God, including denying His being or providence, were punishable by the temporal courts with fine, imprisonment, and corporal punishment. In 1656, the Quaker James Naylor suffered flogging, branding and the piercing of his tongue by a red-hot poker. An act of Edward VI (repealed 1553 and revived 1558) set a punishment of imprisonment for reviling the sacrament of the Last Supper. Further, it was in the 1676 case of Rex v Taylor, when the Lord Chief Justice Sir Matthew Hale stated that "Such kinds of blasphemous words were not only an offence to God and religion, but a crime against the laws, State and Government, and therefore punishable in that Court.... Christianity is parcel of the laws of England and therefore to reproach the Christian religion is to speak in subversion of the law." (www.google.com) Those denying the Trinity were deprived of the benefit of the Act of Toleration by an act of 1688. Commonly called the Blasphemy Act, an act of 1697-1698, stated that if any person, educated in or having

Power and Politics in an Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Power and Politics in an Organization - Essay Example For instance, leaders are assigned a higher level of power to enable them manage those who are below them. In principal, distribution of power in an organization is a tool to get things done. There has been a controversy as to whether there exist a clear cut boundary between organizational power and organizational politics in any particular business system. This paper will focus on the differences between organizational power and organizational politics. The role of leaders in an organizational set up is to control effectively those workers that are directly below them. Power has been identified as a critical tool that enables leaders to increase their dependability in their management roles. The best strategy for managers to optimize their power is to increase the workers' dependence on them. Dependence can be assessed on the extent to which the workers will turn to the managers for critical decisions or solutions for organizational problems. However, power can be categorized into t wo, either as ‘power over’ or the ‘power to’ depending on the purpose of its use (Clegg and Haugaard 2012, 115). The former has been used to express a negative power that is bureaucratic that is solely meant to increase the individualistic dominance. On the other hand, the ‘power to’ is provision of right to implement or act within one's capacity. In brief, organizational power can be defined as the capacity one party has to influence the behavior of another party in an organization. On the other hand, organizational politics has been often been termed as ‘power in action’ which defines informal attempt to influence the actions of individuals within an organization. The intention of a political action is to act outside the official role in an attempt to manipulate the natural balance of power within an organization. In essence, perpetrators of organizational politics are individualistic people whose intention is to define new autho rity boundaries in order to have control over the others in business set up (Mauws and Dyck 2005, 34). This kind of behavior is associated with the tendency of the key decision making tools in an organization to remain open to misinterpretation hence giving opportunists a loophole to exploit them in order to enjoy unwarranted merits. Organizational politics have been criticized as an ill motive that is meant to provide individualistic privileges that are not for the best interest of an organization. These two types of power are not only different in their motivation principles, but also the way they are acquired. The essence of management power is to promote the goals and objectives of the organization through team building and cohesive reasoning. This kind of power allows every employee to be answerable to a higher power while still acting within their power and ability to handle organizational roles that are defined by the position they hold. The motivation of this kind of power i s to ensure that there is one key of decision maker to avoid conflict of opinions within the organization. On the other hand, the political behaviour is meant to overturn the organizational power by exercising powers outside the roles defined by the organization. Its intention is to secure rights that benefit one person rather than the organization (Porter, Angle and Allen 2003, 22-27). While the organizational power is meant to manage the vital business resources to drive an organization to success, politicians will misinterpret their roles in order to hoard organizational privileges for their own benefit. Economists have identified numerous strategies that can be used for empowerment of people in a business system. One

International Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

International Business - Assignment Example The strategy that keeps IKEA to its position is through refreshing and renewing their service model. IKEA has a unique approach to deal with its customers as it employs a self-serving method. Customers make choices on the product, picks them from the shelves and assembles them at their at home on their own. Self-service is a rare approach in the furniture businesses, but the customers choose to apply the approach due the low prices offered. IKEA is a corporation often described as the prototypical Teflon multinational. Some describes the company as quintessential global cult brand which has a democratic culture. For instance, at a company dinner employees take dinner first, followed by the managers, directors and lastly Ingvar Kamprad. Kamprad emphasized on a matrix form of organization which is an informal, nonhierarchical and team-based organization. This kind of an organization has an open flow of information and knowledge within all stages of management. The current organizational structure can be described as highly functional, with an international market strategy. Therefore, IKEA maintains a centralized control over functional activities as well as taking advantage of low cost and good quality furniture from the international suppliers. In addition, control over strategic direction has been developed, and functional layoffs are minimized. To ensure the effectiveness of the logistics process, IKEA has integrated distribution and purchasing process under one umbrella function. The significance of centralized strategic direction will rise as IKEA continue to expand overseas (Capell, 2005). IKEA has found its strength in providing highly functional and quality products at a low price. Moreover, the company has been able to establish a market brand name and a goodwill that is essentially instrumental to the performance of the organization. On top of that, the company has an efficient value

Interpersonal Negotiation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal Negotiation - Case Study Example We would appreciate if you allow us to build a road, and we will make sure that you wetlands see the least disturbance. 2. Concerns can be best addressed through the transformative approach only. This approach considers the problem as an opportunity for moral growth and empowerment of all parties involved rather than looking for a solution only. Thus, all parties feel that they are an important part of decision-making process and reach a solution that is acceptable to all involved. This enhances the relationships because the solution reached maximizes the collective gain. 3. To save the relationship from destroying, the three groups should move with the collaborative and transformative approach. A win/lose negotiation will destroy the relationships although a solution is reached much sooner. But it is important for the groups to sit down and discuss the matter with each other rather than letting one party lead the others and making one lose and the other win. It should be a win/win situation for all. 4. If I was a negotiator for the first group, I would go to the second group myself rather than calling them to my office, and would make them understand why the road construction was crucial. I would not impose upon them my plans and order them to move. I would compensate them their loss of scenic beauty through financial support and would make them understand the complexity of the

Week 5 assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week 5 - Assignment Example The cultural change that was introduced in the company turned around its near bankruptcy position with the assumption of Ricardo Semler, Antonio Semler’s son, a Harvard educated man. He implemented drastic change upon assumption as the new CEO of Semler. Upon assumption as the new CEO, Ricardo Semler fired two-thirds of the top management of Semler & Company and that included many close friends of his father. This would not have been possible under his father because Antonio Semler did not separate work from his personal relationships. The new set-up of the company was also a socially responsible to do to save the company and to introduce a new kind of company culture which is a total departure of the old autocratic style of leadership of the company. The young Semler felt that the old autocratic leadership thwarted people’s motivation and creativity. Thus, he decided that the authority to make decisions at Semco to be more evenly distributed to be more responsive and competitive in a globalized economy. In the process, he dismantled the rigid bureaucracy and structure of the company to make it more flexible based on the new three values of the company – employee participation, profit sharing and free flow of information. And to emphasize the change, even the name of the company was changed from Semler & Company to Semco. There were a lot of changes that can be considered drastic if it will be compared to the old leadership. Strategy wise, among them product was product diversification and the creati on of Nucleus of Technological Innovation (NTI). Leadership and ethical perspective was also changed to democratic and participatory to the point that employees can already direct themselves- set their own budget, even their own salaries and even the hiring and firing decision of both employees and managers and above all to make the company a professional and ethical business

Bonnie Lyons Essay Example for Free

Bonnie Lyons Essay The critic, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, considers The Handmaids Tale to be far more than a political tract deploring nuclear energy, environmental waste and antifeminist attitudes. Which features of Atwoods novel do you believe have contributed to its readability and secured its reputation as a piece of classic modern fiction? In the novel, The Handmaids Tale, it is my opinion that the principal aspect of Atwoods writing style is the depth and intensity with which she approaches her subject matter; she consistently shows that she has researched her material and is able to show relatively potential alternate futures at the time of the early 80s it is not inconceivable to imagine certain turns of events happening as they did in the narrative. In the 1980s, the political climate globally seemed to be turning toward economic restraint and conservatism. In general, this shift was a response to the liberalism and unchecked social spending that occurred in the 1970s, which were in turn the extended results of the freedoms won by the worldwide social revolutions of the 1960s. This conservative trend appeared in different forms in different countries. In Margaret Atwoods home country of Canada, Pierre Trudeau, the Liberal Party leader resigned in 1984, and the voters replaced him with Progressive Conservative Brian Mulroney. Margaret Thatcher, who was elected Prime Minister of England in 1979, reversed decades of socialism by selling government-run industries to private owners. In the United States, the 1980 election of Ronald Reagan created such a turbulent reversal of previous social policy that the changes sweeping through the government during the first half of the decade came to be referred to as the Reagan Revolution. The extreme shift toward conservatism in the United States at that time is significant to the social change that created the Republic of Gilead in Atwoods imagination. After the novel was published, she told an American interviewer that she had tried originally to set the novel in Canada, but that it just would not fit the Canadian culture. Its not a Canadian sort of thing to do, she told Bonnie Lyons in 1987. Canadians might do it after the United States did it, in some sort of watered-down version. Our television evangelists are paltrier than yours. The States are more extreme in everything. The Republic of Gilead is characterised as a dystopia; a dystopia is any society considered to be undesirable, for any of a number of reasons. The term was coined as a converse to a utopia, and is most usually used to refer to a fictional society where current social trends are taken to nightmarish extremes. One of The Handmaids Tales successful aspects concerns the skilful portrayal of a state that in theory claims to be founded on Christian principles, yet in practice miserably lacks spirituality and benevolence. The state in Gilead prescribes a pattern of life based on abstinence, conformity, censorship, corruption, fear, and terror-in short, the usual terms of existence enforced by totalitarian states, instance of which can be found in such dystopian works as Orwells 1984. The novels thematics operate by speculating upon conflicting extremes: a decadent present, which Aunt Lydia cynically describes as a society dying of too much choice, and a totalitarian future that prohibits choice. Naturally, while rejecting the indulgent decadence and chaos of an anarchic society, the reader condemns the Gilead regime for its intolerant, prescriptive set of values that projects a tunnel vision on reality and eliminates human free will. There is more than one kind of freedom, said Aunt Lydia. Freedom to and freedom from. In the days of anarchy, it was freedom to. Now you are being given freedom from. Dont underrate it.

Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Example for Free

Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay On April 16, 1963, from the jail of Birmingham, Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote an extensive letter to eight clergymen who attacked his work for civil rights in a public statement released on April 12, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. aimed this letter at those eight leaders of the white Church of the South. However, the eight clergymens letter and the response from Martin Luther King, Jr. were publicly published. Martin Luther King, Jr. wanted to convince of the utility of his commitment in this particular area at this specific moment. To persuade his readers, Martin Luther King, Jr. appeals to his own reputation and wisdom. Second, he tries to arouse sympathy in the readers to influence them emotionally. Finally, he appeals to logic, supported with evidence and citations from influential thinkers. This paragraph starts with a delicate yet strong statement from King whom wants to say, Honest confession that over the past few years has been gravely disappointed with the white moderate. The imagery used in his topic sentence, honest confession, gives you the impression that he is opening his deepest and most heart felt feelings then; when he is disappointed gravely, as he said, by the white moderates reactions to his direct action, you begin to feel a prejudice towards them from the very start. This imagery is continued when King states his regrettable conclusion about what the real obstacles King also relates the white moderates main argument, the idea that direct action is not necessary and that all problems are resolved over time, with an unrealistic image. King states that the white moderates actions or inactions are guided by a mythical concept of time, which leads the white moderate to believe that there is a more convenient season, which must be on a later date. This argument also ties into an argument made in a later paragraph which starts by saying, such an attitude stems from a tragic misconception of time, from the strangely irrational notion that there is something in the very flow of time that will inevitably cure all ills. It comes to Kings attention that these members of the white moderate are not of ill will, but he argues that this in essence is worse than being of ill will because Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will. Not only does Martin Luther King Jr. give the white moderate a negative connotation, but also when told I agree with you in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of direct action, he relates the white moderates argument with a father telling a child to wait for he wants. The white moderate paternalistically believes that they can set a time table for another mans freedom. This argument is subtle yet effective because the idea is a paradox, in that you cannot be paternal in relation to a man, someone who has reached manhood or maturity. The overall meaning and essence of the letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. while he was in jail gave the white leaders and black leaders a reason for negotiation on the cause for desegregation. Martin Luther King Jr. as successful in his attempt to lead a non-violent protest in light to his feeling for Gandhi and make a huge accomplishment once again for black African Americans in the city. The protests which lead to Martin Luther King Jr. to Birmingham jail gave a chance to help desegregation take place and leave a positive impact on the people of color, and the whites. The Letter from the Birmingham jail made a huge impact and change on the lives of thousands of African Americans.

Heart of darkness

Heart of darkness One of the central issues that arise from Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness (1899) is the colonialist bias used to misrepresent the African race. Whilst Conrad was not himself accountable for the xenophobic westernised image of Africa, his story maintains the damaging stereotyping of native people. By painting them as bestialised, barbaric, primitive and uncivilised, he explores the black race through the lens of a hegemonic European representation; Conrads uses of myth and metaphor supported the colonial conquest of African people on the colonisers assumption that these people were racially inferior. Nevertheless, Conrad was writing at a time when the historical representation of Africans had always been a discourse of racism. Also, perhaps Conrad failed to appropriately depict Africans because he recognized little of their culture, having primarily spent time with white men during his 6 months at the African Congo. Moreover, by undermining imperial superiority and giving satanic ref erences to the colonisers, one may contend he is similarly insulting towards the Europeans, and that his exaggerated racism seeks to ridicule Europes civilising mission, and expose the ingrained racist ideals of Victorian imperialists. Marlow, the central protagonist and narrator of Heart of Darkness, expresses old racist prejudices against the Africans: They howled and leaped, and spun, and made horrid faces, but what thrilled you was the thought of their humanity like yoursUgly. Not only does he deny the Africans a distinction of a name, he also rids them of normal human behaviour. Marlow belittles them with derogatory language, stressing that they mimic animalistic behaviour and have no methods of speech outside of violent babble and crude grunts. According to Chinua Achebe, these representations call the very humanity of black people into question. On the matter of communication, it is noteworthy that a small amount of English syllables are placed into the mouths of one or two Congolese Africans. It is in submitting to the hegemonic language of the coloniser that Conrad replaces native culture with his own, which he considers superior. It is this supposition of an advanced humanity which leads Achebe to brand Conrad a through-going racist. Nonetheless, it can be argued that Marlow is a product of a fairly racist era in history; a period in which racist discourses remained structured by Empire to legitimize its political ideology of suppression over the Africans. Like his contemporaries, Conrad is writing at a time where it was acceptable to view Africans as the other, and by overusing the words savage and nigger, he conforms to the racist sentiments of the day. Consequently, his story which was published in the Blackwood magazine, targets the conservative politics of the late nineteenth century. Furthermore, Conrad mentions in his authors note that his over exaggeration of the savage image had the purpose of bringing it home to the minds and bosoms of the reader. This admittance of a distorted characteristic account of the natives may explain his savage depiction of them. He also uses these images to make the setting realistic, accentuating the novels grave themes of darkness, and fear of the unknown. Being a victim of his time, Conrads portrayals of the African race also conform to the evolutionary trope of Charles Darwins theory of evolution. By painting Africans as the prehistoric man, and portraying Marlows voyage upriver as travelling back to the earliest beginnings of the world, Conrad integrates the temporal evolutionary trope in Heart of Darkness; he suggests that Europeans are at a more superior position, since the Africans have not yet emerged from prehistory. His repeated animalistic images of the natives place Africans at the low end of the scale: one of the creatures rose to his hands and knees and went off on all fours towards the river to drink. Linking in with Darwinism science, Conrad reduces the Africans into a subspecies between apes and Caucasians. The African here is represented as a modern ancestor, an animal, a barely human body without intelligence. Consequently, he views the Africans as prehistoric evils in desperate need of European influence and evolutio n; an outlook which reaffirms him as the personification of colonialism. Darwins views which had become entrenched in society are used here by Marlow to provide the principal ideological support for imperialism. Suggests that Europeans are at a more superior position, as opposed to the Africans since the latter has not yet emerged from prehistory Though truthful, Marlow is a prejudiced man; he is the personification of colonialism. Going into the Congo, Marlow views the natives as prehistoric evils in desperate need of white influence and civilization. Throughout the physical journey, Marlow is confronted with the natives time and time again, seeing them chained as slaves, living in a village and attacking his own steam boat. Marlow holds fast his prejudiced view of the natives, referring to them as savages or calling them by more derogatory terms such as niggers. Through his exploration, he questions the humanity of Africans. According to him this deliberate stylistic obfuscation merely aided to satisfy the racial sentiments of the day, and Conrad was only acting as the purveyor of comforting myths Counter argue that he was a polish writer who had to show his mettle with the English language However, in his authors note he writes how over exaggeration is used. Sombre theme given sinister resonance perhaps explains the extreme savage image. It can also be said Much of his animalistic language of the black race conforms to the evolutionary trope of Charles Darwin whose views became entrenched in society. African on all fours like ants. So for someone, who had little contact, he makes use of these derogatory stereotypes, and it can be said that he relies on these preconceived ideas and western baggage since they dominate his descriptions. Maintains, and justifies imperialism, and although he witnesses the horror of colonialism and suppression of the Africans, it is interesting to note his approval of efficient imperialist activity. However, his constant questioning of imperialist values, and the sham of it all, reveal his anti essentialist views. slightly flatter noses. This acknowledges that the black race is more or less equal to whites, barring a few inconsequential physical attributes. Kurtz on the other hand shows no remorse whatsoever. He holds the absolute essential view to exterminate all the blacks. He holds the ideology of making the black race extinct. Hes a ruthless ivory trader, and arranges for the dead heads to displayed on poles. The white race use crude violence, and brute force. Very occasionally the natives show resistance, but their left largely helpless against the overpowering military control of the Europeans. They have no authority or voice. The colonists have become corrupted. They are blinded by the notion that this is their sacred duty to uphold the superiority of the colonial empire and white heritage. Through Marlow disapproval, he shows and exposes the Europeans, is equally deameaning, offensive, and undermines their superiority. flabby white devils.. Critiques immoral European behaviour. Transcends such prejudice, shows him to rise above racism. Ridicules benevolent project of civilisation. Uses an ambivalent tone to show the violent colonial enterprise. Kurtz the ultimate satanic, racist. Has the heart of darkness. However if he is showing Africa to be the reason for the deterioration of the European mans morale, it merely becomes a backdrop which eliminates the African as human factor. They have become marginalised. This marginalisation shows further through Kurtz mistress. He is racist towards her, but not so to his white woman. 333 But its interesting, that Marlow does approve of efficient colonialism. Puts in a section of Brtish colonialism. It is almost with this preconceived mindset that Marlow almost succumbs to this same worst impulsive violent mindset (look at thinking lit answer bold). Going further into self discovery and realises his own heart of darkness. Paints Africa as the heart of darkness, suggesting that its wilderness and wild inhabitants drive the Europeans to insanity and violence. Takes this stance to almost show how the Dark Continent is responsible for his behaviour, thus showing it to be the cause of Kurtzs insanity. Almost blaming Africans that they hold out temptations. His racist sentiments continue throughout. However, unlike the other colonists, Marlow does show some sympathy and admiration towards the natives; a viewpoint, emphasising his forward thinking mindset. Upon his very first encounter, he praises there vitality, muscles and seems entirely at peace with them. Gives the dying man a biscuit, and becomes friends with helman. Has a remote kinship with them as opposed to nothing with Europeans. Therefore it can be evaluated that he is just brainwashed by the politics of the time, but his contemplative nature, allows him to see through the cracks, and appreciate the African race. Later descriptions thus allow for readers to see the absurdity of racism. (Cedric Watts) Conclusion Although Marlow shows himself to be concerned with the heart of humankind, and the souls of individuals, the text emerged out of the very centre of racism and imperialism, therefore Marlow can be seen as merely replicating the colonial discourses available to him. Although he criticises the extreme brutal ness of Imperialism, he discourse is grounded in political, economic interest. He simply looks at Africa through a haze of distortions and cheap mystifications. It can be said that Conrad just uses Marlow to confirm and consolidate the wildest fantasies of the African savages to his European readers. However in my opinion his racist exaggeration and imperialist critique, are used to show how absurd racism was.

Urban Infrastructure in China

Urban Infrastructure in China This paper consists on of issues with public finance within the area of infrastructure. My focus is on Chinas development and how it is on the rise of becoming an economic dynamo. China is aiming to make its countrys global trade and capital flows a powerful force in worldwide management. I will be going into depth about the rapid increase in need for urban infrastructure and what China is doing to fulfill these needs. The issue of infrastructure funding has become more and more of an issue throughout the years. This paper will highlight the many advantages and issues that come with Chinas infrastructure funding. It will also further discuss the mechanisms that allow Chinas funding to flow smoothly throughout the local governments and the increase in how many citizens, administrators, and politicians are interested in increasing public participation in these public decisions (Susel, King, Feltey 1998). A. Introduction: Urban Infrastructure in China Infrastructure is the internal facilities of a country that make business activity possible, such as communication, transportation, and distribution networks, financial institutions and markets, and energy supply systems ( Businessdictionary 2017). Infrastructure, according to empirical and theoretical studies such as Agenor and Moreno Dodson (2006) and Anderson et al (2006), in Yingying Shis article, promotes growth through several channels. It has become one of the number one sources of enhancing factor productivity (2013). The public nature of infrastructure allows the government to use it as a monetary tool. However, the roles and effects infrastructure plays across countries varies extremely. The relationship the government and the private sector have is at the very center of the problem determining how to finance infrastructure. EIB PAPERS says, it is for the public policy to decide which types of infrastructure to put in place at which network size, to govern the planning and licensing activities and to set the regulatory framework, which determines inter alia the price of using the infrastructure services (EIB PAPERS). Chinas economic growth has caused the development of finance landscape to become very dynamic. With the hasty increase in the need for infrastructure Chinas biggest concern has become funding. This is affecting the welfare of the citizens, but is also persuading the progress of the society. According to Chengxin Cao and Zhirong Jerry Zhao, one of the most important reasons for the slower infrastructure growth is low government spending on infrastructure, which is caused by limited resources of urban infrastructure (2011).   Over the years, the main source of money was converted from mostly financial allocation and local taxes, to land transfer fees. This has caused China to pick up the speed on building infrastructure through their country. B. In Support of Urban Infrastructure in China China is todays number one country that is on the economic rise. It is expected to continue this for several decades. James F. Hoge Jr. states in his article A Global Power Shift in the Making that Chinas economic rise will continue if, it can manage the tremendous disruptions caused by rapid growth, such as internal migration from rural to urban areas, high levels of unemployment, massive bank debt, and pervasive corruption (2004). However, because of Chinas economic expansion it has become a major consumer of oil, metals, timbers, gas, and fish. This causing it to need more infrastructure. With new infrastructure projects put into place more citizens are becoming employed. According to M. Jae Moon, the idea of pay-for-performance has been adopted by many of the public agencies as a new means of enhancing motivation and improving organizational performance in the public sector under the performance management and recognition system (Moon 2000). With this put it place in motivates the workers in China to strive to achieve their goals with infrastructure. Jorge Martinez, Baoyun Qian, Shuilin Wang, Li Zhang, and Heng-fu Zou state, capital investment in infrastructure is the shared responsibility of the central government and sub-national governments, both levels playing equally important roles (2014). According to the World Bank (1995) in Yingying Shis article, Chinas infrastructure investment was about 6.5% of its GDP in 1993, well above the average level of 4% GDP for developing countries. By the year 2009, investment in infrastructure sectors, energy, transport and tele communications, water and sewage, etc, had reached to about 15% to 20% for the coastal provinces and municipalities (2013). Today Chinas new infrastructure consists of new expressways (one that is about two-thirds the length of the United States Interstate Highway  System), airports, railways, and rerouting its rivers. Their public sectors granted reforms gives the local governments autonomy on their own spending such as these new infrastructures being built. According to analysis by KPMG and Anne VanderMey, last year China invested $207 billion in road construction and upgrades (2013). The highway construction is an important part of Chinas efforts to create jobs, and helping transport supplies and goods from factories to ports. Many of Chinas economic goals hinge on efficient transport: The shift from rural to urban living has necessitated vast investments in transit, both in cities and the country (VanderMey 2013). With the increase in connectivity through China, they hope they will be able to tap into the immense spending potential of its growing middle class. Without China and its economic growth, the rest of the United States would not be the same. That is why it is a large asset for infrastructure to be put ahead of any other investment, because it is a necessity. The United States needs China to have more means of transportation and different paths, so that they can receive important goods. The nature of infrastructure investment, which requires large sunk costs and whose benefits in general cover a large number of people, is considered best with public provision (Shi 2013). C. Against Urban Infrastructure in China Chinas economy is rapidly growing and changing every single day. To keep up with the changes money must be involved. One of the main challenges still facing Chinas fiscal  system is the important local differences in fiscal resources across their sub-national governments. Regional disparities could be, to some extent, interpreted as the necessary cost to achieve other goals of economic reforms such as economic development and growth and more sub national autonomy; however, the costs of these disparities also have increased and could now  exceed the potential benefits (Martinez, Qian, Wang, Zhang, Zou 2014). It has become hard for local government to be able to finance all of Chinas expenditures (infrastructure), in fact, at the county level and central areas on the country they are in debt. The central government has tried to enforce the administration of extra-budgetary revenues and make efforts to reduce illegal fees and add-ons. Because of this, extra-budgetary income and off- budgetary income have become major sources of incomes for Chinas local governments. According to Chinas 1994 Budget Law, local governments are forbidden from borrowing in the capital market. However, given the still limited direct financing and indirect financing through intergovernmental transfers much of the actual financing of these sub-national governments spending is through borrowing (Martinez, Qian, Wang, Zhang, Zou 2014). Although borrowing money to help build infrastructure is a positive thing it is also very negative because it puts China more and more in debt each time a road or plane is built. In result, inefficient and risky projects arise that may not yield long run benefits and my not be plausible given the current and projected local economic conditions (Shi 2013). We do not see it but several of the local governments in China are in a serious money crisis. This has caused a  negative impact on the quality and quantity of basic public services for China. Many people believe that China has weak organizations of budget implementation, does not have c ontrol on  their budgets, and that the financing model that upkeeps government-led infrastructure development is not supportable D. Critique of both sides: Money for Infrastructure in China? Almost everyone in the United States can agree that China is on its way to becoming the number one largest country that everyone depends on. In fact, from 2013 to 2015 China was the worlds largest exporter. China is currently Americas biggest banker. The question is however,  should China continue to receive money to continue building infrastructure in their country. According to John Bachmann and Joe Burnett, infrastructure has opened the door to socio-economic development in China. Economic growth- facilitated in part by roads, water and power investments- has helped pull roughly 700 million people above the poverty line in the last 20 year (2012). Not only is building infrastructure allowing each country to interact with one another, but it is also helping China citizens which is a very big deal. The money that is coming from Chinas local governments is being put towards something beneficial. China has been able to succeed in infrastructure building because of its centralized po litical system. Each level is responsible for the higher level of government. So, if one level of government believes that money needs to be put towards a certain part of infrastructure, another part of the government can look and see if this would be a useful investment. The role of infrastructure changes depending on the economic conditions for instance: Infrastructure investment has shifted from accommodating to the growth of an export oriented economy to a fiscal stimulus tool in the lagging area. China has indeed been leading other developing countries in infrastructure building. Infrastructure investment  has become one of the most important pillars of Chinas growing export-oriented and investment led economy (Shi 2013). While infrastructure financing in China can be beneficial to China and other countries it can also have a negative effect. Like I discussed earlier in my paper, debt is a major issue when it comes  to infrastructure financing. China normally has received its financing from government loaning and land-transfer revenues, but as revenues reduce, risks for the local governments have risen. According to Zuo Kun, Chinas Ministry of Finance is working to promote the PPP model in infrastructure projects by identifying the respective rights, obligations, risks, and revenues of both public-and private-sector partners (2014). The government hopes with this plan that they can build beneficial partnerships with the private sector and public projects. E. Conclusion As individuals, we are all given the freedom to voice our own opinions on topics such as infrastructure financing. On this topic, I believe that China should continue to be given money to proceed with their processes on building new and improved infrastructure. If the United States wants to continue to grow economically then we must benefit from China by supporting them one hundred percent. China may have public finance issues that are occurring within their government but with the help from the PPP mode and private investments in joint ownership the government debt will hopefully begin to decrease and will help solve other financing issues. China is striving to create more and more means of infrastructure to help every nation possible and to help with this, the central government is determined to improve the urban infrastructure in any way, they see possible. I believe that for a country like China, who has built its economic growth on such low-quality equipment, is an achievement on its own. Looking towards the future, China should continue its five-year plan, Going Global Strategy. According to WWF this plan, encourages Chinese companies to invest overseas (2017). This  will help China save money and not put it to waste. I look forward to seeing China continue to grow economically helping each country in any way they can. References Bachmann, J., Burnett, J. (2012). Infrastructure and the Environment in Chinese Cities: Prospects for Improvement. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/infrastructure-and-the-environment-in-chinese-cities-prospects-for-improvement/. Cao, C., Zhao, Z. J. (2011). Funding Chinas Urban Infrastructure: Revenue Structure and Financing Approaches. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/458a/62db270d6555be6406acf610ed67c6219e4f.pdf. EIB Papers. (n.d.). Public and private financing of infrastructure. Evolution and economics of private infrastructure finance. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://www.eib.org/attachments/efs/eibpapers/eibpapers_2010_v15_n01_en.pdf Hoge, J. F., Jr. (2004). A Global Power Shift in the Making. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2004-07-01/global-power-shift-making. King, C. S., Feltey, K. M., Susel, B. O. (1998). The Question of Participation: Toward Authentic Public Participation in Public Administration ,58(4), 317-326. Retrieved March 7, 2017. Kun, Z. (2014). Critical issues in the next decade of Chinas infrastructure effort. Retrieved March 7, 2017. Martinez, J., Qian, B., Wang, S., Zhang, L., Zou, H. (2014). Annals of Economics and Finance. An Essay on Public Finance in China, 289-405. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://down.aefweb.net/AefArticles/aef150109Martinez.pdf Moon, M. J. (2000). Organizational Commitment Revisited in New Public Management: Motivation, Organizational Culture, Sector, and Managerial Level ,24(2), 177-194. Retrieved March 7, 2017 Shi, Y. (2013). Essays on Public Infrastructure Investment and Economic Growth. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd%3A1790/datastream/OBJ/view. VanderMey, A. (2013). China. Chinas new infrastructure. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://fortune.com/2013/05/23/chinas-new-infrastructure/ What is economic infrastructure? definition and meaning. (n.d.). Retrieved March 07, 2017, from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/economic-infrastructure.html WWF. (n.d.). China at a crossroads. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/transforming_china/